The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. ![]() Department of Homeland Security S&T CB Division Bioforensics R&D Program. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.įunding: Portions of this work were supported by the U.S. This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. Received: Accepted: NovemPublished: December 9, 2011 Smith, University of Iowa, United States of America (2011) Molecular Epidemiology of Anthrax Cases Associated with Recreational Use of Animal Hides and Yarn in the United States. These cases illustrate the need to acquire and genotype global isolates so that accurate assignments can be made about isolate origins.Ĭitation: Marston CK, Allen CA, Beaudry J, Price EP, Wolken SR, Pearson T, et al. This report illustrates the power of the current genotyping methods and the dramatically different epidemiological conditions that can lead to infections (i.e., contamination by a single genotype versus widespread contamination of numerous genotypes). Isolates from the NY, CT and NH cases diverge from the established canSNP phylogeny near the base of the A.Br.011/009. All isolates associated with the New Hampshire case were identical and had a new genotype (GT 149). The animal products associated with the NY and CT cases were believed to originate from West Africa, but no isolates from this region are available to be genotyped for comparison. All 52 isolates and both clinical specimens related to the New York and Connecticut cases were MLVA-8 GT 1. ![]() Twenty eight of the California isolates were in the A.Br.Vollum canSNP lineage and one isolate was in the A.Br. For the California case, four clinical isolates were identified as MLVA-8 genotype (GT) 76 and in the canSNP A.Br.Vollum lineage, which is consistent with the Pakistani origin of the yarn. Heroin sold in Europe likely comes from areas where naturally occurring anthrax is more common.To determine potential links between the clinical isolate to animal products and their geographic origin, we genotyped (MLVA-8, MVLA-15, and canSNP analysis) 80 environmental and 12 clinical isolates and 2 clinical specimens from five cases of anthrax (California in 1976, New York in 2006, Connecticut in 2007, and New Hampshire in 2009) resulting from recreational handling of animal products. More recently, in two separate outbreaks, heroin users in Europe contracted anthrax through injecting illegal drugs. Twenty-two people developed anthrax after being exposed to spores sent through the mail, and five of those infected died. One of the few known instances of nonanimal transmission was a bioterrorism attack that occurred in the United States in 2001. In the United States, a few people have developed anthrax while making traditional African drums from the skins of infected animals. Most human cases of anthrax occur as a result of exposure to infected animals or their meat or hides. Common hosts for anthrax include wild or domestic livestock, such as sheep, cattle, horses and goats.Īlthough rare in the United States, anthrax is still common throughout the developing world, in places such as Central America and South America, sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia and southwestern Asia, southern Europe and Eastern Europe, and the Caribbean. The spores can remain dormant for years until they find their way into a host. Anthrax spores are formed by anthrax bacteria that occur naturally in soil in most parts of the world.
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